A photograph of a heavy gun battery at Yorktown, Virginia, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Wood and Gibson (active 1860s) in May 1862. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of a heavy gun battery at Yorktown, Virginia, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Wood and Gibson (active 1860s) in May 1862. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

These heavy guns were used during the inconclusive siege of Yorktown between 5 April 5 and 4 May 1862. A small Confederate force in the town stopped a much larger Union army from marching on the Confederate capital at Richmond.

A photograph of a group of Confederate prisoners of war at Fairfax Courthouse, Virginia, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in June 1862. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867. These soldiers were probably taken prisoner during the battle at nearby Chantilly Plantation on 1 September 1862.

A photograph of a group of Confederate prisoners of war at Fairfax Courthouse, Virginia, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in June 1862. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

These soldiers were probably taken prisoner during the battle at nearby Chantilly Plantation on 1 September 1862.

A photograph of a column of soldiers crossing a wooden bridge over the Chickahominy River in Virginia, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by DB Woodbury (?-1866) in 1862. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867. The photograph captures a scene during the Peninsular Campaign of 1862 to 1863, when a Union Army unsuccessfully tried to march on the Confederate capital at Richmond.

A photograph of a column of soldiers crossing a wooden bridge over the Chickahominy River in Virginia, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by DB Woodbury (?-1866) in 1862. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

The photograph captures a scene during the Peninsular Campaign of 1862 to 1863, when a Union Army unsuccessfully tried to march on the Confederate capital at Richmond.

A photograph of dead soldiers on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867. The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the bloodiest of the American Civil War, with over 50,000 men killed or wounded during three days of fighting.

A photograph of dead soldiers on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the bloodiest of the American Civil War, with over 50,000 men killed or wounded during three days of fighting.

A photograph of the Union defensive position at Little Round Top on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of the Union defensive position at Little Round Top on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

Little Round Top was the scene of bitter fighting during the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg. One of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, over 50,000 men were killed or wounded during three days of fighting.

A photograph of dead soldiers lying at the foot of Little Round Top Hill on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of dead soldiers lying at the foot of Little Round Top Hill on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

Little Round Top was the scene of bitter fighting during the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg. One of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, over 50,000 men were killed or wounded during three days of fighting.

A photograph of a dead soldier at Devil's Den on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of a dead soldier at Devil's Den on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative produced by Timothy H O'Sullivan (1840-1882) in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

The Devil's Den was the scene of bitter fighting during the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg. One of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, over 50,000 men were killed or wounded during three days of fighting.

A photograph of dead bodies on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, taken by an unknown photographer in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of dead bodies on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, taken by an unknown photographer in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

Little Round Top was the scene of bitter fighting during the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg. One of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, over 50,000 men were killed or wounded during three days of fighting.

A photograph of dead bodies on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, taken by an unknown photographer in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of dead bodies on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, taken by an unknown photographer in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

Little Round Top was the scene of bitter fighting during the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg. One of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, over 50,000 men were killed or wounded during three days of fighting.

A photograph of dead bodies on Culps Hill on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, taken by an unknown photographer in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of dead bodies on Culps Hill on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, taken by an unknown photographer in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

The Union defences on Culps Hill were unsuccessfully attacked by Johnston's Confederate Division early on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg. One of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, over 50,000 men were killed or wounded during three days of fighting.

A photograph of a Union Army hospital tent on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, taken by an unknown photographer in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of a Union Army hospital tent on the battlefield at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, America, taken by an unknown photographer in July 1863. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

Army surgeons are performing an amputation. The operation takes place on a table outside a hospital tent. Doctors were often overwhelmed by the numbers of casualties and the chances of surviving battlefield surgery were poor. The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, with over 50,000 men killed or wounded during three days of fighting.

A photograph of the Capitol Building in Washington, America, taken by an unknown photographer in 1867. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of the Capitol Building in Washington, America, taken by an unknown photographer in 1867. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

The Capitol building has been much altered and added to since construction began in 1793. The building had to be rebuilt after its destruction by the British during the War of 1812. The original dome was removed in 1856 and replaced with the far grander cast iron dome shown in this photograph. Work on the dome and other extensions to the building was completed in 1865.

A photograph of a group of tourists inspecting Confederate Army fortifications outside Petersburg in Virginia, America, taken by an unknown photographer in 1867. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

Only two years after the American Civil War ended, its battlefields had become tourist destinations. Here, guides show well-dressed visitors around the Confederate outer defences or picket line outside Petersburg. Union troops besieged Petersburg for nine months before finally capturing it in April 1865.

A photograph of men collecting bones on the field of the Battle of Cold Harbor in Virginia, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative by John Reekie (active 1860s) in April 1865. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of men collecting bones on the field of the Battle of Cold Harbor in Virginia, America, by Alexander Gardener (1821-1882) from a negative by John Reekie (active 1860s) in April 1865. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

The Battle of Cold Harbor in June 1864 saw the Union Army suffer a devastating defeat. Over 7,000 soldiers were killed in under half an hour.

A photograph of Confederate fortifications outside Atlanta in Georgia, America, taken by G N Barnard (1819-1902) in about 1865. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of Confederate fortifications outside Atlanta in Georgia, America, taken by G N Barnard (1819-1902) in about 1865. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

The Union Army besieged Atlanta from July 1864, finally capturing it in September despite the formidable defences shown in this photograph. The siege was part of the bitter campaign fought by General Sherman known as the March to the Sea.

A photograph of a Confederate artillery battery defending the city of Atlanta in Georgia, America, taken by GN Barnard (1819-1902) in 1864. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of a Confederate artillery battery defending the city of Atlanta in Georgia, America, taken by G N Barnard (1819-1902) in 1864. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

The Union Army besieged Atlanta from July 1864, finally capturing it in September despite the formidable defences shown in this photograph. The siege was part of the bitter campaign fought by General Sherman known as the March to the Sea.

A photograph of the interior of Fort Sumter at Charleston in South Carolina, America, taken by GN Barnard (1819-1902) in 1866. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States.1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

A photograph of the interior of Fort Sumter at Charleston in South Carolina, America, taken by G N Barnard (1819-1902) in 1866. This photograph is from an album entitled 'Canada and the United States. 1867' by John Downes Rochfort (1825-1885), who toured Canada and America in 1867.

The first shots of the American Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbour on 12 April 1861. The Union garrison were forced to surrender the next day after a Confederate bombardment.