In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. The green top tubes are used to isolate plasma and immune cells. These cells are tested further using flow cytometry to understand which parts of a person’s immune system is responding to COVID-19. The red topped tube is for collection of serum. This serum is initially used to test for COVID-19 antibodies and cytokine responses to infection.

Combined nose and throat swabs for reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR testing. Nasal and stool samples were also taken to study immune responses and whether the virus is present in faeces. Samples over time helps identify virus changes and mutations and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. Participants also tracked their symptoms over 28 days in a diary.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood samples are taken for the study team to investigate. The purple topped tube contains an anti-coagulant to stop samples clotting on their way to the lab. A full blood count is studied as is haemoglobin A1C levels, which is an indicator of diabetes. The team were looking to see if the condition influences people’s immune response to COVID-19.

Combined nose and throat swabs for reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR testing were also taken. Nasal and stool samples were also collecting to study immune responses and whether the virus is present in faeces. Sampling over time helps identify virus changes and mutations and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. Participants also tracked their symptoms over 28 days in a diary.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Nose and throat samples were taken to be tested for COVID-19 and people also carried out an addition test on day 4. The liquid in the tube is known as VTM (viral transport media) to ensure the safe transfer of a sample to the lab for PCR testing. Blood, stool and nasal samples are also taken. Sampling over time helps identify virus changes and mutations and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. Participants also tracked their symptoms over 28 days in a diary.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness..

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Nasal samples were taken to test for people’s immune responses and then be able to compare it to those in people’s blood samples. Stool and swabs to test for COVID-19 are also taken. Sampling over time helps identify virus changes and mutations and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. Participants also tracked their symptoms over 28 days in a diary.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Stool samples were taken to see if the virus was present in and if so for how long and if COVID-19 could be transmitted this way. Blood and nasal swabs were taken. PCR tests were also carried out on combined nose and throat swabs. Sampling over time helps identify virus changes and mutations and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. Participants also tracked their symptoms over 28 days in a diary.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.

In the INSTINCT study, household contacts living with people with a recent COVID-19 infection were enrolled at home by research nurses (day 0) and visited again on days 7, 14 and 27. Blood, nasal and stool samples were taken to help understand virus changes over time, transmission and identify if there are any links between specific strains of virus and disease outcome. People’s immune responses were also tested from samples to understand which part of their system is responding to COVID-19.

If eligible to take participate in the study, people were taken through what the study was and what would happen to their data and samples. If they agreed to take part, they each signed a consent form and parents or guardian gave permission for over 5 year olds but under 18s to take part. The study looked at what proportion of infections that are symptom-free, what are the risk factors of COVID-19 transmission within household and whether early immune responses could predict if a recently-exposed person (contact) will have a symptom-free infection or instead develop symptomatic or severe illness.