Carved Sámi reindeer horn tobacco pipe, 1880-1900

Tobacco pipe of carved reindeer horn, bowl and stem socket only, incised with a reindeer pulling a sledge, decorated with ornaments along stem socket, Sámi, Sápmi, Norway, 1880-1900

For the Sámi, the Indigenous people of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Russian Kola Peninsula, handicrafts have for centuries been a substantial part of culture, identity, and livelihood. In Northern Sámi language, these handicrafts and the process of making them is called ‘duodji’.

Originally hunters and gatherers, the Sámi have been herding domesticated reindeer since the 17th century. Until the colonial rule forced them to settle down, they led a nomadic life and moved their herds from winter to summer grazing lands, following the changes of the seasons.

Using materials from nature, such as roots and birch bark, as well as reindeer horn, sinew, and skin, they manufactured all their clothes, gear, and tools themselves. Later, traded products like silver, cloth, and tin thread were added. Every item in possession fulfilled a purpose and was adapted to life on the move. Often, items that were used in everyday life, such as knives, needle holders, or tobacco pouches, were carried on a belt that is part of the traditional Sámi clothing.

This tobacco pipe bowl is made from reindeer horn and incised with Sámi ornaments, as well as a reindeer pulling a sledge. Sámi ornaments are not just used for decoration purposes. Varying from region to region, they can provide information such as the artist’s or owner’s gender, marital status, or where they come from.

‘Duodji’ has changed over time but is still an important part of Sámi heritage that is actively practiced and the basis of many Sámi artists’ businesses and livelihoods. It is passed on from generation to generation, but also taught at schools and can be studied universities or in apprenticeships.